It was also strongly Catholic, and although England and Wales enjoyed good relations with Spain at the start of Elizabeth’s ... by means of the Spanish Armada. Philip’s plans for the invasion ...

The thinking was that God intervened and the windy weather was a sign that God was on Elizabeth’s side. Leaders The Duke of Medina Sidonia led the Spanish fleet, but he was inexperienced in ...

Previously, scholars believed Cecil, whose official role was secretary of state to Elizabeth ... about a second Spanish naval attack in the 1590s, following the Spanish Armada of 1588, led ...

When Queen Mary I died, and with her England's brief and bloody restoration of Catholicism, she was replaced with Elizabeth I ... and 18,000 soldiers, the Spanish Armada set sail from Lisbon.

seeking to depose Elizabeth and bring Protestant England back into the Catholic fold. The discovery of the letters between the Duke of Medina Sidonia, Commander of the Armada and his second in ...

Elizabeth I faced betrayal, imprisonment, and religious conflict before becoming one of England’s greatest monarchs. From rebuilding the Church of England to defeating the Spanish Armada ...

Readers who want a fast-paced account of how Elizabeth’s navy, led by such captains as Drake, Howard, and Frobisher, managed to defeat the Spanish Armada in battles fought in the English Channel, ...